Despite a low enrollment rate in higher education of 3 percent on average, in comparison with 8 percent in countries with comparable levels of development, Francophone African countries are currently facing an immense challenge in terms of numbers. The increased social demand associated with the progress made in universal primary enrollment and the increase in secondary enrollment could cause the student population to grow from 800,000 in 2004 to approximately 2 million in 2015, and to double the coverage. This increase exacerbates the financial problems of higher education institutions and might result in a decline in the quality of training offered. The problem of the relevance of training to labor market requirements has already become quite obvious. The difficulties faced by graduates of tertiary institutions in respect to entry into the modern labor market, which often provides less capacity of systems and, possibly, the revamping of programs to better respond to countries' development needs. In order to better understand the challenges and opportunities facing higher education systems in Francophone Africa, this book takes stock of their situations, highlights the similarities and difference in strategies between countries, and indicates the potential for greater flexibility in order to improve financing as well as the internal and external efficiency of higher education systems. It then uses scenarios of future possible education systems to highlight realistic and sustainable hypotheses for countries. Finally, it proposes policy tools that would enable policy makers and heads of higher education institutions to improve the quality and performance of systems while planning their development.